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When working with bolted assemblies, one of the most frequently asked questions is: does a Spring washer go on first? Understanding the correct installation sequence of washers is crucial for ensuring that bolts, screws, and nuts remain secure under vibration, dynamic loads, and repeated use.
This guide explores the function of a spring washer, different types such as conical washer, wavy washer, and conical spring washer, and explains the proper installation order. We will cover various sizes—from small spring washers to 16mm spring washer—and applications where mechanical behavior such as folding, rotation, turning, and automatic closure comes into play.
What Is a Spring Washer and How Does It Work?
A spring washer is a type of washer designed to provide tension and prevent loosening in bolted assemblies. Unlike flat washers, spring washers have a slightly curved, twisted, or conical shape that allows them to store elastic energy when compressed.
How a Spring Washer Works
The main mechanism of a spring washer is its ability to compress and flex. When a nut is tightened, the washer flattens slightly, storing potential energy. This energy applies a continuous clamping force that resists loosening, even under vibration.
Many spring washers are designed to fold, rotate, or turn slightly during tightening. This mechanical adaptability allows for automatic closure of gaps caused by surface irregularities or thermal expansion. The washer maintains pressure and prevents the fastener from backing off, which is especially important in automotive, machinery, and bearing applications.
Does a Spring Washer Go on First?
A common question is: does a spring washer go on before washer? The answer depends on the type of assembly and whether a flat washer is being used.
Standard Installation Order
In most cases, the proper sequence is:
Bolt → Flat Washer → Spring Washer → Nut
The flat washer provides a smooth surface to protect the material under the bolt head or nut.
The spring washer sits directly under the nut to exert tension and maintain clamping force.
If no flat washer is used, the spring washer can be placed directly under the nut or bolt head. For conical spring washers or wavy washers, the curve must face the nut or bolt to ensure correct compression and functionality.
Types of Spring Washers
1. conical washer / Conical Spring Washer
A conical washer or conical spring washer is shaped like a shallow cone. When tightened, the cone flattens, producing axial tension that maintains the nut’s clamping force. These are widely used in medium- and heavy-duty applications.
Common sizes include:
1/2 conical washer
10mm spring washer
12mm spring washer
16mm spring washer
2. Wavy Washer
Wavy washers or wave washers for bearings feature a sinusoidal shape. This allows for axial flexibility while maintaining preload. They are frequently used in bearings, electrical contacts, and assemblies requiring slight movement. The design allows rotation and turning, accommodating mechanical tolerances while preserving tension.
3. Standard Spring Washers
Standard spring washers are versatile and widely used. Typical sizes include:
M5 spring washer
3/8 spring washer
1/4 spring washer
5/8 spring washer
Small spring washers
These washers are used in automotive, machinery, furniture, and general-purpose assemblies to prevent loosening under vibration or dynamic loads.
How to Install a Spring Washer Correctly
Proper installation is essential to maximize the washer’s function. Follow these steps:
Select the Correct Size – Match the washer to the bolt or screw, e.g., M5 spring washer with M5 bolt.
Determine the Installation Order – Place a flat washer first (if used), then the spring washer, followed by the nut.
Align the Washer – Ensure the spring washer is centered under the nut or bolt head for even compression.
Tighten the Nut/Bolt – As you tighten, the washer compresses, folds, rotates, and automatically closes gaps.
Verify Compression – The washer should maintain a slight spring force after tightening to prevent loosening.
For special applications like conical spring washers or wave washers for bearings, always follow manufacturer instructions to ensure correct orientation and compression.
Applications of Spring Washers
Spring washers are used across a wide range of applications:
Automotive – Bolts in engines, chassis, or body panels often require 5/8 spring washer, M5 spring washer, or 3/8 spring washer for vibration resistance.
Electronics – Small spring washers prevent loosening in compact assemblies.
Heavy Machinery – Larger washers such as 1/2 conical washer, 10mm spring washer, 12mm spring washer, and 16mm spring washer maintain tension under high loads.
Bearings – Wave washers for bearings provide preload while allowing controlled rotation and turning.
Benefits of Using Spring Washers
Prevents Loosening – Maintains tension even under vibration or dynamic loads.
Maintains Clamping Force – Continuous axial pressure ensures secure assemblies.
Accommodates Movement – The washer’s ability to fold, rotate, and turn helps it adapt to mechanical shifts and surface irregularities.
Protects Surfaces – Combined with flat washers, they reduce damage to the base material.
Automatic Gap Closure – Ensures that minor gaps are automatically closed, keeping the assembly tight over time.
Common Sizes and Their Uses
1/4 spring washer – Light-duty applications, furniture, and electronics.
M5 spring washer – Small to medium bolts, automotive, and machinery.
3/8 spring washer – Medium bolts in structural and mechanical assemblies.
5/8 spring washer – Heavy-duty bolts for construction and industrial applications.
10mm, 12mm, 16mm spring washer – Large bolts for automotive, industrial machinery, or high-stress applications.
Small spring washers – Compact assemblies and electronics.
Tips for Effective Use
Always use a flat washer when possible to protect surfaces.
Never reuse a deformed or flattened spring washer, as it loses its tension.
Ensure material compatibility to avoid corrosion between the washer, bolt, and base material.
Apply correct torque; over-tightening may flatten the washer too much, reducing its spring effect.
Conclusion
So, does a spring washer go on first? In most standard assemblies, the spring washer is placed directly under the nut or bolt head, often after a flat washer. Understanding how a spring washer works, including its ability to fold, rotate, turn, and automatically close gaps, is essential for preventing loosening and maintaining reliable mechanical connections.
Whether using a conical washer, wavy washer, conical spring washer, or standard spring washers in sizes ranging from small spring washers to 16mm spring washer, proper installation ensures tension, stability, and longevity in bolted assemblies. Following these guidelines will maximize the performance of your spring washers, keeping your machinery and assemblies secure under vibration and load.
